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百年茂腔推陈出新与时偕行******

  茂腔是广泛流传于山东青岛、潍坊、日照等地的地方戏曲剧种,在200多年传承衍化中,形成了“四大京、八大记”等传统代表剧目,在城乡拥有广泛的群众基础。近几年,随着生产发展和生活变迁,一批茂腔新作不断涌现,拓展了剧种选题领域,展现了新时代新风貌。同时,如何处理好舞台表演与展现现代生活的关系、处理好本剧种特色与其他表演形式之间的关系,成为茂腔新剧目创作尤其是现实题材创作所面临的一道思考题。

  《山东地方戏曲剧种史料汇编》概述茂腔时提出:“丰富、质朴、精湛的艺术特色,是茂腔深受人民喜爱的重要原因。”作为起源于民间的剧种形态,茂腔与广大群众的生产生活有着密不可分的联系,无论其语言艺术、声腔音乐还是表演风格都有浓郁的生活气息,它还被称为“胶东之花”,在许多剧目中包蕴着胶东一带独特的地域文化与风土人情。像传统茂腔《梁山伯与祝英台·下山》中所唱:“走一洼,又一洼,洼洼长得好庄稼,长得高的是胡秫,长得矮的是芝麻,不高不矮是棉花,棉花地里带西瓜……”语言不仅富有生活气息,还展现了北方农村生动的生活景象,与其他剧种同名剧目在风格上具有一定差异。

  时代在变,审美、观念等也会随之发生变化,茂腔进入城市剧场后无疑需要吸收崭新创作元素与舞台手段,但如何从容展现全新的时代和人物形象,又不丢失剧种自身魅力?首先,要从传统基因中发掘鲜活元素,正确处理好“新”与“旧”的关系。

  比如,新编茂腔《秧歌乡的故事》围绕“老冯头”、李香兰等三对老人的“黄昏恋”及养老问题这一主线,贯穿胶东国际机场建设、旧房拆迁等事件,既保留了茂腔质朴通俗的风格样貌,又融入胶州大秧歌这一本土艺术符号,将两种艺术形态巧妙融合,就很好地实现了立足传统、开掘出新。值得一提的是,秧歌表演在剧中不仅作为老年人情感的媒介、剧情发展的线索、地域形象的表征,其载歌载舞的特色还与戏曲舞台的“歌舞演故事”高度契合,从而成为舞台叙事的重要组成部分。秧歌既扭出了欢声笑语,营造了情境、烘托了氛围,还作为贯穿全剧的一条副线,与主线交织丰富了全剧的歌化、舞化叙事,呈现出茂腔表演艺术新亮点。正因为抓住了创作规律、找准了切入点,该剧在大量吸收民间音乐、舞蹈元素的同时,展现出熟悉的陌生感、浓烈的地域感和鲜明的时代感,获得了广大受众的高度认可。

  其次,戏曲作为场上艺术,无论传统戏还是现代戏,最终都要落在演人物、演故事上,但其方式又区别于案头文学、影视艺术及话剧、歌剧等,在总体呈现上讲求程式性、虚拟性、综合性。因此,其新剧目创作还应在表演的程式化与生活化之间找准尺度。

  像茂腔等一些地方戏剧种本身起源于乡土,且传统戏中展现婚姻生活、家长里短的剧目占较大比重,它们不像京、昆等大剧种那样有严谨的规矩范式,反而在表现日常生活、传递人物情感方面有相对丰富的表达空间。但这并不意味着要舍弃程式,而是要通过程式动作与生活动作的圆融,更好地实现舞台空间的虚实相生之美。仍以《秧歌乡的故事》为例,在“老冯头”过生日一场戏中,他的儿女送上了二胡、鸟笼子等生日礼物,却各有各的盘算,尤其是儿媳妇巧真怕拆迁补偿款被打折扣,极力反对“老冯头”和李香兰的恋情,导致一场家庭聚会不欢而散。舞台上以几组可移动的桌子代表酒店包间,空间布局十分简约,众人向“老冯头”献上礼物的动作也被处理得自然流畅,结合了台步、云手等程式表演,既有舞台美感,又有生活气息。这些新场景的展现都是对生活动作加以提炼而完成的,亦达到了戏曲舞台动静相宜的效果。

  另外,新剧目尤其是现实题材剧目,因为记录历史进程、讲述时代故事,所展现的内容都是当下的、新鲜的,观众也就不可能像欣赏传统老戏那样对剧情滚瓜烂熟,只管“闭着眼睛听戏”。比如,茂腔现代戏《党费》展现了女共产党员黄新带领战友与敌人斗智斗勇、最终英勇献身的故事;《失却的银婚》揭示了一位曾受百姓爱戴的干部在利益诱惑下跌入贪腐深渊、受到党纪国法严惩的历程……这些新剧目取材的角度较之传统戏更宏大、更丰富,在二度呈现中更需及时扩容舞台理念、技巧及手段。

  从此种意义来说,新剧目创作还需要创作者从本剧种规律出发,走进人物内心世界、体验其所经历的喜怒哀乐,灵活调用语言、唱腔、身段、步法等为剧情服务、为塑造人物服务,同时,广泛向其他剧种及表演样式学习,吸收并内化为对本剧种、本剧目有帮助的新方法、新手段,才能更好地呈现“源于生活、高于生活”的艺术真实。(孙丛丛)

中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******

  中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。

资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。

  2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。

  日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。

  日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。

  事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。

  因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。

  日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。

  《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。

  德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。

  日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。

  国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。

  太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。

  Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business

  By John Lee

  (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.

  Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.

  The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

  On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.

  The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.

  In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.

  Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.

  The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.

  The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.

  The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.

  According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.

  As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.

  However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.

  Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.

  The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.

  If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.

 

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